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Presidents Night 2023: Professor Tassos G. Karayiannis

Professor Karayiannis introduced how the UK is committed to achieving net zero emissions by 2050, while also setting a target of at least 68% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. The need to reduce emissions by ~8% each year between 2020 and 2030 was also clearly indicated in the 2019 UN Emissions Report. This requires substantive improvements in system efficiency and further technological innovation to reduce fossil-fuel reliance and increase the energy share generated from renewable sources. Nuclear energy is certainly part of the required solution, mix along with energy from waste, solar, geothermal and wind. Heat transfer in current nuclear fission and in the future fusion energy plants constitutes a major challenge and in certain cases a limiting factor.

To assist with message and to inform us of the current and future work in the above areas, Tassos introduced two additional speakers:

Michael J Bluck - The role of nuclear power in meeting UK net-zero targets: cost, time and fear.

Dr Bluck is the Director of the Centre for Nuclear Engineering at Imperial College London and the Director of the Rolls Royce Nuclear University Technology Centre supporting the nuclear propulsion systems in the UK submarine fleet. His own research areas include nuclear thermal hydraulics in fission and fusion reactors.

Dr Kamenicky together with E. Yildirim, J. Taylor & V. Lee - A new heat flux frontier, who has the walls for it?

Dr Kamenicky has a PhD in quenching from the University of Strathclyde. He has worked for EUROFusion on the design of the tokamak EU DEMO and participated in commissioning the High Heat Flux facility HELCZA under F4E. He is now the Plasma-Facing Components Cooling Systems Section Leader at Tokamak Energy. His work focuses on research and development of cooling technologies for tokamaks' walls in proximity to plasma.

A special thank you to Christos Markides, and his team, for providing an excellent venue and facilities at Imperial College London.

For information, please find details of a job opportunity at HTRI in the following Link: downloads/Engineer_Sales_and_Tech_Support-UK.pdf

The hts Annual dinner 2023 took place at the De Vere Grand Connaught Rooms in London on the 31st March 2023. The outgoing President Mr Colin Weil welcomed the incoming President Professor Tassos G. Karayiannis for the coming year who gave an engaging speech reflecting on his career from an era 'before' computers to the present, and how much more development was still needed in heat transfer technology.

The Mike Ackrill Award trophy given for the best presentation at an hts Forum in the preceding year was awarded at the dinner to Dr. Francesco Coletti, CEO of Hexxcell Ltd. for his Forum presentation entitled "Artificial Intelligence for Thermal Systems: the Good, the Bad, the Hybrid".

The Charity collection on the evening raised £905 for the Trussell Trust charity which supports a nationwide network of food banks to provide emergency food and support to people locked in poverty in the UK. Our society is very pleased to support their essential work. Well done to the society's Chairman David Norton for drumming up such great support from the attendees at the dinner for this charity and many thanks to everyone for supporting this very worthy cause so wholeheartedly.

The Tombola raffle that previously was held during the annual dinner evening, was replaced by a knockout-bingo competition with prizes being donated by HTRI, many thanks to them.

During his Chairman's report to the society, David Norton advised members that Mr Mike Moore had decided to retire from the hts management committee, although Mike will continue as a society trustee for the time being. Mike was the Society's President in 2002 and has served the society as a committee member for many years  Thank you Mike.

Attendees had a very enjoyable evening as hopefully covid/lockdown now disappears into the past. Members and guests welcomed the opportunity to catch up with each other and by the end of the evening the venue was buzzing with 'joviality'. As ever, very many thanks to the companies that sponsored this event and made it possible.

Please support the Society's annual dinner next year if you can, our Society represents our specialist interest and expertise and your active support will help the society's growth.

UKHT Conference 2021 will take place from 3rd to 6th April 2022, for  details regarding attendance download the flyer from this link: downloads/2021-UKHTC_Update.pdf

The slides from the Webinar Forum presentation entitled "Equipment Specifications based on Minimum Requirements - is this possible with IOGP JIP33?" held on the 10th June 2021, by Tim Griffin of Eni, are available for download from the Events page. Many thanks to Tim and Eni for sharing these with the hts membership.

The slides from the joint HTS/EI/SONG Webinar Forum on "Mechanical Response of Shells to Tube Rupture in Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers" by Colin Deddis, Rob Kulka and Alan Clayton held on the 28th April 2021, are available for download from the Events page. Many thanks to the presenters for sharing these with the hts membership.

The slides from the Webinar Forum presentation entitled "Pressure Equipment in post Brexit UK" held on the 4th March 2021, by Simon Earland, Earland Engineering Ltd, and Miles Gardener, Zurich Engineering Consultancy Services, are available for download from the Events page. Many thanks to Simon Earland for sharing these with the hts membership.

The hts Award for the year 2018-2019 for the best heat transfer project by a UK Engineering/Science student was won by Victor Castaneda of Cardiff University for his project "Development of Flat Flame Burners for Industrial Heat Transfer Applications". Forum presentation on the 21st January 2021, online registration link is in the downloadable flyer downloads/Forum2021_JAN.pdf

UK National Heat Transfer Committee workshop

On the 25th April 2019: Event by the UK National Heat Transfer Committee, a one-day workshop on: Heat Transfer Research, Education and Practice in the UK; co-located with the Thermal Engineering Show took place at the Roundhouse in Derby.

Download the UKNHTC flyer from this link: downloads/UKNHTC_workshop_flyer.pdf

At the hts Annual dinner in March 2019, the Charity Raffle collection for the British Heart Foundation raised £990.

At the society's AGM on the 5th March 2019, Russell Skinner stepped down as the society's Honorary Chairman and David Norton was elected as the new Honorary Chairman. There were no other changes to the committee at this AGM and all the previous committee members were re-elected onto the committee.

David Norton elected as new Honorary Chairman speaking at the Annual dinner 2019

At the hts Annual dinner in March 2018, the Charity Raffle collection for the Great Ormond Street Hospital raised £977.

50th Anniversary Dinner

The society celebrated its 50th birthday at our Annual Dinner at the Connaught Rooms in London on Friday 28 March 2014.  Over 200 people attended.

We invited as many past presidents as we could find to the event and 19 joined us.  These were Claudet Beyer, Reg Bot, Dave Butterworth, Barry Crittenden, Ron Cowie, Alan Davis, Alan Deakin, Alan Guy, Peter Heggs, Geoff Hewitt, Dave King, Bob Marsland, Mike Moore, Michael Morris, David Reay, John Rose, Brian Spalding, Ron Spear and Eddie Watters.

No birthday would be complete without a cake and ours was a splendid affair in the shape of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger.  This was carried into the dining room  on plates from a plate heat exchanger.  When the time came to cut the cake, this was done by one of our most distinguished past presidents, Geoff Hewitt.

The cake

	Geoff Hewitt cuts the cake

A highlight of the event was the the inauguration of Joe Quarini as our new president.  He received the "Presidential Balls" from the past president Barry Crittenden.  These balls were donated by a past president Keith Mangnell who came across these "worry balls" in the Far East.  They have the yin-yang symbol on them which is similar to our logo.  So Keith bought them so that they could be passed on from president to president, as they have been since 1996

The highest honour bestowed by the Society is its Fellowship, which is given to someone who has given long and distinguished service to heat transfer.  This year's Fellowship went to Reg Bott.  He was also presented with a copy of his auto-biography which had been signed by many of those attending the dinner.

Joe Quirini receives the presidential balls form Barry Crittenden	Reg Bott being made a Fellow of the Society by our Chairman, Martin Gough

The 2014 hts Award of £1000 for the best undergraduate project on heat transfer went to Peter Forsyth of University of Oxford.  The Mike Akrill Award for the best Forum presentation during the last year went to Blazo Ljubicic of Koch Heat Transfer. 

Peter Forsyth receives the hts Award	Blazo Ljubicic  receives the Mike Akrill Award

Two members, Ron Spear and Mike Moore, received life memberships from the Society in recognition of their long service to the Society.

Ron Spear receives his life membership	Mike Moore receives his life membership

This year's charity raffle was in support of the Cystic Fibrosis Trust and it raised a record £1360.  Coincidentally, the Trust is also celebrating its 50th anniversary.  Thanks are due to Cal Gavin and Zeeco for sponsoring the prizes

All those attending left with a commemorative mug.  At first sight, the design of this is, as can be seen below, appears somewhat dull, though, I suppose, elegant.  However, the addition of a hot drink brings out its full glory.

The mug when cold

 

The mug when hot

Some of you may spot that most of the handle remains black when there is hot liquid in the mug.  There must be an explanation of that but it would need a heat transfer expert to explain it!

Many more pictures of the event were taken than are shown above.  These were taken by a professional photographer, James Gifford-Mead who holds the copyright to the photographs.  You can view all the pictures here.  The password to access these is heat.

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The Presidential "Balls of office" are passed each year from the outgoing President to the incoming President. These Chinese balls were originally acquired by a society member while visiting China where he noticed that the logo on the balls had some similarity to the hts logo.

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2013 Annual Dinner

The dinner was held in the Grand Connaught Rooms, London on Friday 22 March.  The dinner was attended by around 140 hts members and guests.  There were 14 sponsored company tables.

The main events of the evening were

• Prof. Barry Crittenden was inaugurated as our new president taking over from Ron Spear.

• The Mike Ackrill Award for the best Forum presentation last year was presented to Ian Gibbard.

• The hts Award for the best student project paper was presented to Jonathan Harris of the University of Surrey.

• An hts Fellowship award was bestowed on David Butterworth for his long support of the Society

• A raffle was held which raised £779 for Root & Branch, a mental health charity.  The prizes, Amazon vouchers, were sponsored by HTFS Aspen Technology

hts Chairman, Martin Gough, presents Mike Ackrill Award to Ian Gibbard

From right to left, Barry Crittenden (new President), Martin Gough (hts Chairman), Jonathan Harris (winner of hts Award) Philip Holmes (Jonathan's supervisor)

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2013 Annual General Meeting

The meeting was held on Thursday, 7 March 2013 at the offices of IHS in London.  Thanks are due to Simon Pugh for arranging this venue.

Attendees at the AGM

The various papers for the meeting can be downloaded here

• Meeting notice and application form (pdf, 45 KB)

• Minutes of the last meeting (pdf, 21 KB)

• Draft accounts for 2012 (pdf, 43 KB)

At the meeting all current Management Committee members were elected for a further year.  It was also agreed at the meeting that the committee should consider whether there was any advantage to the Society to become a registered charity.  The committee will report back to members at the next AGM.

The meeting considered the forums presented over the last year and were pleased to give the Mike Ackrill Award to  Ian Gibbard of Progressive Thermal Engineering for his excellent presentation on troubleshooting steam surface condensers.  Download presentation slides (pdf 1.6 mb).

The Chairman, Martin Gough presented his report on the previous year and this is given in the next news item.

Nigel Smith

It is with great sadness that we learn of the death of Nigel Smith after a long fight against cancer.

The funeral will be held at the Chilterns Crematorium, Whielden Lane, Amersham, Bucks, HP7 0ND at 1.00 pm on Friday 14th October 2011, and Nigel’s family are organising refreshments afterwards at the Hit or Miss Pub in Penn Street, Amersham. Flowers will be from the family only and they have asked for donations to be sent to Macmillan Cancer Support.

Nigel was an active member of the Heat Transfer Society for nearly forty years and has been a stalwart of the Society for most of that time.  He probably holds the record for the greatest number of Forum meetings attended, even if sometimes a little late.  He was a familiar face at both Forum meetings and committee meetings even during the later stages of his illness.

Nigel has been an active member of the management committee of the Society from the early 1980s right up to the present day, and he had the responsibility of looking after the Society’s rules. He took over from Jeff Downey as Treasurer in 1984 and held that role for five years until Dave Evans took charge of the purse strings.

Nigel was Chairman of the committee for four years from 1986, when he took over from Chris Norman, and it was Nigel that introduced the tradition of the Chairman being in office for longer than one year.  Many of us can still remember Nigel’s legendary speeches at the Annual Dinner.  In 1990 Bob Berryman became Chairman when Nigel went to work in Glasgow for a couple of years.

The 1980s was a difficult time for the Society and for three years Nigel was both Chairman and Treasurer.  He also found time to organise the annual Ladies Night when members and their partners would enjoy a Dinner Dance at a London venue.  He also organised the January Social – a somewhat less salubrious event for members.

Nigel will be sorely missed by his family, friends and colleagues.

Joint hts and SONG Meeting on CFD modeling of multiphase flows

On Tuesday 13 September 2011, Simon Lo from CD-adapco gave a presentation on CFD modeling of multiphase flows in the oil and gas, chemical and process industries.

In recent years there has been a phenomenal increase in the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) by all industries in their design studies and trouble-shooting analyses. A small selection of examples were presented to illustrate the benefits one can obtain from such analyses. Examples in Oil and Gas included coupling of 3D-CFD with 1D-OLGA for multiphase flows in long pipelines, dynamic forces due to slug flow in pipe bends, effects of cooling in transport of viscous oil, and wave impact on platform. Examples in Chemical and Process included temperature profiles in shell and tube heat exchangers, multiphase mixing vessels, pneumatic conveying of particles, and compact heat exchangers.

Simon Lo is the Director for Chemical & Process Applications at CD-adapco and a Honorary Professor in Computational Multiphase Fluid Dynamics at The University of Nottingham.  He has over 20 years experience in CFD software development and in simulations of multiphase flow processes experience

This was a joint meeting organised by HTS and SONG held at the IChemE offices in London..

Chairman's report on 2010/11

As with the previous year, I am happy to record that the 2010 Annual Dinner held at the New Connaught Rooms exceeded expectations, with a total of 171 attendees, the highest ever recorded.  Among the highlights was the inauguration of Dave King of BP after receiving Claudette's balls which she returned accompanied by an impromptu monologue.  It was noted that the formal part of the dinner should finish in good time in future in order for attendees to have enough time to network (drink!) which is probably the most important reason for their attendance.

The raffle raised £863, all monies being donated to Cancer Research UK.

Finances remain strong with the highest bank holding on record.  The stable revenue being received by the Society, even in these more financially challenging times, gives confidence to the Society's decision to fund the hts award. We just need to find a good recipient this year to establish the concept with all potential research establishments.

AGM - 2nd March 2010

Attended by some 6 members who managed to find the new prestigious offices of ESDU kindly lent to the Society for the evening, providing also sustenance to compliment the quality of the ambiance.  All current members of the committee offered themselves for re-election and were duly elected.

Presidents Night - Dave King.  Using Feedback from Operations to Improve Heat Exchanger Designs

Dave gave a very well thought out presentation with useful information outlining the the view heat exchanger design and operation through the eyes of a purchaser and user.

Martin Gough, Chairman

Annual Dinner 2010

Our Annual Dinner was held in the Grand Connaught Rooms, London an 26 March and had 171 attendees.  Dave King of BP Exploration Operating Company was installed as 2010 hts President.  The charity raffle of John Lewis Partnership vouchers raised £865 in aid of cancer research UK.

Annual Dinner 2009

The Annual Dinner was held  on Friday 27 March at New Connaught Rooms, WC2.  The main event of the evening was that Claudette, Heat Transfer Research, President and CEO was installed as our president for 2007/08.  The charity raffle raised £650 for RNLI.

Annual Dinner - 2007

The Annual Dinner was held  on Friday 30 March at New Connaught Rooms, WC2.  The main event of the evening was that John Rose, Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Queen Mary, University of London, was installed as our president for 2007/08.

This lively evening was well attended with 144 members and guests on 14 tables.  Ten past presidents were at the event.

The Mike Ackrill Award went to Luc-Stéphane Schroeder of Chromalox International for his talk on, "Impedance Heating Heating and Melting using TPC Technology," given in London on 21 November 2006.

The Charity Raffle raised 712 pounds for The Cancer Treatment and Research Trust.  The raffle prizes were donated by HTFS/AspenTech.

Annual Dinner - 2005

This year's dinner was held a little earlier than usual because of the early Easter.  It was attended by 143 people.  The raffle raised £535 for the NSPCC from prizes kindly donated by Cal Gavin.

Alan Deakin of BP was inaugurated as our President for 2005/6.  Derek Jackson of the University of Manchester received the Mike Ackril Award and Eddie Watters was made a Fellow of the Society.

The President's Address, October 2004
Is Heat Transfer Good for You?

David Reay gave a wide-ranging talk to HTS members, and some invited from HEXAG and PIN, covering the areas of heat transfer which can affect, positively or adversely, our ability to function at work or play.

He started with a number of observations that 'set the scene' for the scope of his talk:

• Heat transfer has a major influence on our comfort and/or performance

• It affects the behaviour of every-day tools such as lap-top computers

• It is critical to the successful operation of most industries

• It allows us to produce edible hot food and 'quaffable' cold wine!

• Most of us here are involved in 'managing' heat transfer, either to increase its effectiveness or to minimise it

• But we perhaps do not stop to think: 'Is (effective) heat transfer good for us?'

Human comfort depends upon many factors, and David described the role of 'active' and 'resting' sweat glands and the ways in which they function. Could we influence human thermoregulation in a way that could minimise our need for space heating and cooling? Or can we design clothes that mimic thermoregulation - a new form of wool which opens and closes like pine needles to trap or expel heat is one answer!

Vapour bubbles exuding from human sweat glands

The benefits of heat exchangers can be realised to a greater extent when they are combined with other process unit operations. The chemical and process industries in general are already benefiting from 'process intensification' - making plant much more compact without sacrificing throughput. Taking as an example the Chart Heat Exchangers 'HEX-reactor', David showed how catalytic reactions and heat transfer could be beneficially combined in structures that resembled compact heat exchangers. Such technology could even lead to the 'gas turbine reactor', where the combined production of heat, power and chemicals would be carried out.

Chart Heat Exchangers 'HEX-reactor'

A theme throughout the talk was the heat pipe, which has interested David for most of his working life. As well as mimicking 'resting' sweat glands, they can be used to cool aircraft brakes, isothermalise space satellites, and cook meat. The 'heat pipe cooking pin' allows you to cook roast beef so that one half is rare and the other half well-done - in the words of the manufacturer "Stick it halfway in and individual tastes are satisfied.

Heat pipe cooking pin

In conclusion, David said: "We will soon have to take our jackets off, wear wool vests full of spikes, sit at 'hot' or even 'cold' desks and eat food which looks like Swiss cheese! - (full of holes for cooking pins)".

Global warming was the subject of much of the discussion, after all it may well influence our future heat transfer activities in a massive way. However, there were some sceptics present! For example; "Are our data, which shows a steady rise in global temperatures, influenced by measurements being made in 'warm' city environs?" A question for the Prime Minister as he addresses our greatest threat, perhaps?

The Wonders of Multistream Heat Exchangers

Dave Butterworth became interested in multistream exchangers after becoming Chairman and General Secretary of the Aluminium Plate-fin Heat Exchanger Manufacturers' Association (ALPEMA).  He gave a Forum presentation on 20 April at which he explained the some of the intricacies in the construction of such equipment and the benefits that they can have.

Multistream exchangers can be of two types

• Those in which, at any point in the exchanger, the heat transfer is only between one hot stream and one cold stream. We should call these 'multi-two-stream' exchangers

• Those in which at places in the exchanger, heat can be exchanged between a number of hot and cold streams.

Dave concentrated on the latter type with the aim of the talk of introducing those familiar with two-stream exchangers to the exciting feature of multistream exchangers.

Process Heat Transfer 2010

At the London Forum on 25 September, Dave Butterworth reviewed the developments in various aspects of process heat transfer from 1960s until today and then suggest how things might be in 2010.

Interrelated topics covered included the developments in software, availability of heat transfer expertise and the evolution of heat exchanger types. For the most part, it was suggested that the changes will be modest.

The suggested developments are the personal views of Dave rather than a consensus view of the industry. So the Dave's suggestions prompted a discussion from the audience including apposing viewpoints.

This presentation was a repeat of a Keynote lecture given at the 8th UK National Heat Transfer Conference Oxford, 9-10 September 2003.  The paper has now been published in Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 8-9, June 2004, pp. 1395-1407.

Archie Reid

It is with great sadness that we announce the death of Archie Reid on 10 May 2003.  Archie was one of the founder members of the Heat Transfer Society with Membership No. 3.  When the Society was formed on 23 October 1964, Archie was appointed Treasurer, a post held for 10 years. In 1972, a London & South East Section of the Society was formed, for which Archie was appointed Chairman until the section was absorbed back in to the main Society 8 years later. Archie was an Auditor of the Society for 20 years, a post which he held up to the end.

In recognition of of his great service to the Society, he was made our President for 1992/3 and is one of the few people who are honourd as a Fellow of the Society.

He was a mentor to many in the industry and will be greatly missed.

London forum an why some heat exchangers fail to work, 22 May 2003

He also suggested ways in which the current heat-exchanger software could be adapted to iron out some of these problems at the design sage.

The presentation provoked a members of the audience to share their experiences with problem heat exchangers.

Plate heat exchangers modelling and fouling

Hans Zettler talked about his PhD research work and this is illustrated by the following abstract to on of his papers.

The flow pattern of water in a corrugated heat exchanger channel has been investigated using the non-invasive technique of Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT) in a plate heat exchanger (PHE). PEPT allows an individual neutrally buoyant particle moving at speeds of up to 10m/s to be tracked in three dimensions to within 1mm or less. The technique produces particle trajectories and velocity profiles, and has also been used to detect low flow velocity and re-circulation zones in the flow channel. In addition, it allows for the determination of residence time distributions over a variety of flow rates, plate corrugation angles, and plate set-ups (side- and diagonal flow). PEPT data obtained at the University of Birmingham is compared to data obtained by visual observation and fouling experiments obtained at the University of Surrey, to identify how different flow paths influence the fouling behaviour in a PHE.

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Annual Dinner, 28 March 2003

The 39th Annual Dinner held at the New Connaught Rooms in London was a great success and was attended by 144 people.

After Chairman George Bowes briefly described events of the past year, outgoing President Mike Moore inaugurated Bob Marsland as President for 2003/04. Bob made a short speech and toasted the Guests.  Claudette Beyer responded on behalf of the guests and toasted the Members.

The Mike Ackrill Trophy was awarded to Robert Ashe and Richard Barker of Ashe Morris for their Forum presentation on "New Areas in Heat Transfer".

Jeff Neviile, a past president was made a Fellow and Life Member for his services to the Society and the heat-transfer industry.

The raffle raised £ 491 in aid of The Primary Club which supports blind and partially-sighted cricketers.  This charity was chosen in memory of Bob Berryman, long time Society Member, who sadly died early this year.

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AGM, 6 March 2003

At the AGM, Mike Moore and Dave Gibbons were elected on to the Committee to replace the late, and sadly missed, Bob Berryman and to replace Gareth Fry who has moved jobs and is no longer involved in heat transfer. Dave Evans was elected a Trustee to replace Alan McKerracher who has move abroad.  Robert Ashe, the director of Ashe Morris, was chosen to receive this year's Mike Ackrill Award for his forum presentation entitled New areas in Heat Transfer presented on 17 September 2002.

Dave Evans, elected Society Trustee

From left to right, Simon Earland, Treasurer, George Bowes, Chairman and Colin Weil, Secretery.

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Mike Moore, Chief Mechanical Engineer of John Brown Hydrocarbons Limited is this year’s President of the Heat Transfer Society joining a list of well respected past presidents. John Brown Hydrocarbons Limited hosted this year's event in Paddington and for this Mike chose to expand on the theme of his inaugural speech entitled "A Brief History of Heat."

Mike gave an overview of heat transfer from the first taming of fire (half a million years ago) including baking (Circa 20,000BC), Pottery (~6,500 BC), metalworking (~2,000BC) and distillation of rice beer to make sake (~800BC). Into the modern era, the first steam machine was Hero’s Aeolipile in the first century AD), distillation of alcohol in Europe (~AD 1,000), steam power (17th century onwards) and oil distillation (19th century) and so through to the present day.

"We can feel heat, see its effects and use its properties - but what is it?  As a form of energy, it has helped to shape our world, our environment and our civilisation. Man has harnessed heat for both good and evil, but can he compete with nature in the awesome effects of heat?"

The talk included descriptions of the nature of heat itself in scientific terms and the main sources of heat that effect us (the Earth and the Sun). Mike gave an expanded version of the history of the use of heat as an energy source. In describing the development of technologies to utilise this energy, a general theme emerged that the developments and the applications of technology have always been built on existing technology and that no successful development is produced in isolation. Finally, Mike considered our current use of heat and the possible effects on our environment

The presentation was very well received and prompted a wide ranging discussion with particular emphasis on environmental issues that had been raised both directly and indirectly from the talk.

George Bowes, the Chairman of the Heat transfer Society, concluded the evening with thanks to John Brown Hydrocarbons Limited for the hospitality, and to Mike for a talk that was topical, thought provoking and which was of interest to all those present.

This article is an edited version of one written by Dave Richardson which appeared in the John Brown House Magazine, The Bear